…is just about as useful (and accurate) as saying APEX is just as fast on my laptop as it is on Exadata. However, it makes for a great title. Now that I hopefully have your attention, lets talk about the reasons for this post. As many of you know, APEX used to be my primary specialty but I’ve changed roles a bit over the last year at Oracle and my primary focus is now Exadata. I’ve received an increasing number of questions about APEX on Exadata lately so I thought I’d put together some thoughts on them. Additionally, I’ve had a lot of Exadata questions recently that lead me to the conclusion that it’s not as well understood as I thought, at least within the groups of people I regularly interact with. Contrary to popular belief, it’s not a mythological beast powered by ferry dust and unicorn blood. It’s a very well engineered solution that solves a number of exceptionally challenging problems. In my opinion, the more you understand about it, the more you’ll appreciate it.
Does APEX Work on Exadata?
Yep, Exadata is just Oracle. Let me say that again: It’s just Oracle. Exadata runs an 11.2 Database on Linux x64. It’s the exact same binary install if you download those binaries for “generic” Linux x64 11.2 from OTN. So, if your code / app runs on 11.2, it runs on Exadata. There are a few exceptions to this rule for apps that don’t play well with ASM. So, more accurately, if it runs on 11.2 on Linux x64 with ASM and RAC (optional, but desirable), it runs on Exadata. The APEX Dev Team (my old friends and colleagues) did absolutely nothing to port their code to Exadata. I’ve run a number of customer benchmarks with customer’s data and queries and have yet to make a single change to their queries or structures to make them work on Exadata. The only thing I’ve done is to set indexes invisible in Data Warehouse benchmarks, but that was more for fun…more on that later.
What Problems Does Exadata Solve?
The most obvious problem is solves is the I/O bottleneck. While I’m not in the same league as many of the well known performance architects in the Oracle community, I spend a fair amount of time talking to customers about performance problems. In my estimation, the vast majority of the time the performance problems I encounter come down to I/O. Most DBAs (myself included) don’t know near enough about storage. Compounding that problem is the fact that there are often communication “issues” between storage groups and the DBAs.
Lets talk about how we get to data for second. I’ll try and use a Tom Kyte example. Lets take an example of reading a phone book and assume it has an index (paper style) in the back that tells you which names are on which pages. If you wanted to count all of the names in the phonebook, it would be much quicker to just scan through all of the names from beginning to end than it would to go to the index to find each and every name. This is an example of why full table and partition scans are often faster for data warehouse queries than index-based access paths. Flip that around and tell me the phone number for the “Muth’s”, and it would be much faster to look at the index, find out what page the “Mu”’s start on and go to that page. Think of this as an OLTP style query.
So, I/O throughput is particularly important in DSS and Data Warehousing environments because you’re scanning through whole tables and partitions. However, the vast majority of the customers I talk to are running a SAN attached via 2 or 4 Gbps (gigabit per second) Fibre Channel. That connection provides 200 or 400 MB/s (megabytes per second) respectively. If you want to run a full scan on a 200 GB table and you’re connected via 4 Gb FC, some simple math will tell you it will never run faster than 512 seconds or 8.5 minutes Now, compare that to the disk-only 25 GB/s (gigabytes per second) scan rate of an X2-2 full rack with High Performance disks and we can now scan that table in 8 seconds. Our scan rate jumps to 75 GB/s with Flash Cache, but I’ll stick to disk-only numbers for scan operations. It’s easy to see how a query in this example could run 64x faster on Exadata which supports my claim in the title of this post. The results I’ve obtained in POVs I’ve personally worked on have been incredible. On several occasions I’ve had prove to customers that the results were real, especially in the case of I/O intensive operations.
You don’t need to have a 10 TB database to have I/O problems either. The last POV I ran was on a 500 GB data set (including indexes). The database is a shared resource across many organizations and applications. As they’ve built more applications on this database, their indexing strategy hasn’t exactly kept pace. Their top wait events from statspack are mostly I/O related. Additionally, they copy this database nightly to a mirror server that they use for ad-hoc reporting, which as you might expect has even more I/O issues. It’s hard to index for ad-hoc…
What does this have to do with APEX? I’ve seen (and written) plenty of APEX apps that are front-ends to a data warehouse. If you are working with large data sets, doing a lot of aggregation, or allowing a lot of ad-hoc queries, traditional index strategies are often difficult to develop and of marginal value. In many cases like these, the best strategy for performance is to improve the I/O of your system.
So We Don’t Need Indexes Anymore?
I’ve heard this concept from far too many people not to address it. For Data Warehouse / DSS style queries, it is often the case with Exadata that the optimizer will choose a full table or partition scan access path, and consequently not use indexes. In several Data Warehouse POVs I’ve simply set all indexes invisible without negatively impacting performance since the optimizer wasn’t using them anyway. You still need indexes for primary keys, uniqueness, etc, but I think it’s fair to say that implementing a Data Warehouse on Exadata will allow you to eliminate many (dare I say “most) of your indexes. This allows you to reclaim a lot of disk space and certainly makes data loads faster.
However, this concept has nothing to do with OLTP style queries! If you want to retrieve a row based on it’s primary key, which do you think is faster 1) Traversing a few blocks in a b-tree index to find the rowid, then plucking the single-block that contains your row from disk (or RAM) or 2) scanning the whole multi-gigabyte table? We still need / want indexes for OLTP. Dropping all of the indexes on a busy Exadata-hosted OLTP application would be disastrous. This also applies to the APEX builder itself. Those tables are heavily indexed as other than some of the administrative reports, all of the queries are going after a few specific rows to render your page.
But I Thought Storage Indexes Replaced Traditional Indexes
Uh, no. Storage indexes are often mis-understood. They are unique to Exadata and implemented automatically by the storage cells. I actually like to think of them as anti-indexes. They store the high and low values of number and date columns for a storage unit (~1 MB). As we are scanning through the table or partition, and the query has a predicate that filters on one of these columns, we know we can skip all of the blocks in the storage unit if the value we are looking for falls outside of those high and low values. The key word there is “scanning”. They are used in data warehouse style queries, but not OLTP style queries. Clearly, they are no replacement for traditional indexes in OLTP applications.
Many of My APEX Apps are OLTP, Will They Run Faster on Exadata?
Potentially. Even though those apps shouldn’t be doing a lot of table scans, they will often still incur some physical I/O in the form of single-block reads. If the size of your “hot data and indexes” for all of your applications is larger than the RAM you have allocated to your SGA, you’re going to incur physical I/O. The time difference between reading a block from the buffer cache to reading it from disk dramatic. Buffer cache reads should be in the micro-second range whereas reads from disk can take 10’s of milliseconds. Your single block read times essentially fall off a cliff when you go to disk.
Exadata added Flash Cache in the second (V2) and third (X2-2, X2-8) versions. It’s essentially solid state storage (as cards, not disks) in the storage cells that is configured as a write-through (read) cache. So, if you ask for a block and we don’t find it in the SGA, we go to the storage cells. If it’s in Flash, we can return it from there. If not, we grab the block off disk, then optionally copy it to Flash so the next time we need to read that block from “disk” we can return it from Flash instead. The single-block read times from flash are often under a millisecond. It provides a nice step down in access time between RAM and disk. A full rack has 5.3 TB of Flash Cache, so we can cache A LOT of blocks there. I’ve skipped a lot of details here, but I can tell you from the results of several OLTP POVs that I’ve worked on that it plays a very significant role in OLTP performance. There’s a nice white paper on Flash Cache here (PDF).
APEX is Only for Departmental Applications, Why Would I Run it on Exadata?
Anybody connected to the APEX community know that this has a lot more to do with product positioning than it does actual capabilities. There are plenty of enterprise-class APEX apps there. One great example is the new Oracle Store. APEX is a great front-end to database centric applications. Exadata is a great platform for databases. Enough said.
